How to format a Personal Computer?

REFORMATTING A PERSONAL COMPUTER

Steps to reformat a personal computer

1.Start your pc and press key F2, F12 or delete key (Depends on your PC model). 

( Note : Your PC BIOS settings will be displayed. Find boot menu. In boot device priority select CD-ROM as first boot device)

2. Your PC will boot from CD and windows installation will start. Press Enter at this screen.

3. Accept License agreement by pressing F8 key.

4. Delete the partitions.

5. Create the partitions.

6. Define the size of partitions.

7. Now select your desired partition for installation of Windows XP and press enter.

8. Choose to format the partition. Choose NTFS file system quick. 

9. Setup will format the partition.

10. After formatting, setup will start copying files on to the hard disk.

11. After copying of files, setup will start installing Windows. 

12.  Select desired language and regional settings, when prompted by setup.

13. Enter windows key.

14. Type a name for your computer.

15.  Select time and date settings and time zone according to your country.

16.  Provide network settings for networking pc's or select typical settings and press enter.

17.  Setup will install devices and register components.

18.   After completion setup will do a cleanup of files and will restart your pc automatically. At this stage you can remove CD from drive.

To create a partition

What is disk partitioning?

Disk partitioning is the creation of one or more regions on a  hard disk or other secondary storage, so that an operating system  can manage information in each region separately.

Partitioning is typically the first step of preparing a newly manufactured disk, before any files or directories have been created. 

Remember:

    1 KB    =   thousand bytes
    1 MB    =   million bytes
    1 GB    =   billion bytes
    1 TB    =   trillion bytes

Remember:

    1 KB       =    1024 bytes
    1 MB      =     1024 KB
    1 GB       =     1024 MB
    1 TB       =     1024 GB

Original size/capacity =  40995 MB

P1 - 50 % = 40995 x .50 = 20498P2 - 50 % = 40995 x .50 = 20498

(Note : But if one of the partitions are already in GB, remember the conversion of bytes. Multiply the given partition to 1024)

Original size/capacity =  40995 MB

P1 - 25 GB = 1024 x 25 = 25600
P2 - 15 % = 40995 x .15 = 6149.25P3 - The rest
Now you try : 

Original size/capacity : 69995 MBP1 - 75 %P2 - 25 %

Original size/capacity =  99995 MB
P1 - 50 GB
P2 - 20 % 

Working with Computer Networks

PRELIMINARY STEPS

1. Create an IP Address
2. Configure the IP Address
3. Set Windows Firewall settings
4. Set up a home or a small office network

SET WINDOWS FIREWALL SETTINGS

•  Turn-off Firewall

(Firewall - is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.)

SET UP A HOME OR A SMALL OFFICE NETWORK

• Network Setup Wizard

(Network Set-up Wizard - is a built-in feature of windows that let you setup a network for computers running Microsoft Windows operating Systems.)

SHARING A FILE ON A NETWORK (SERVER)

       1. Place the file inside the folder
       2. Right click the folder
       3. Click Properties
       4. Click Sharing

       5. Click "Share this folder on the Network"
       6. Click Apply
       7. Click OK

CHECKING THE FILE (CLIENT)

1. Click the Start Button
2. Click Run
3. Then type \\[IP address of Server]

SHARING PRINTER ON A NETWORK (SERVER)

     1. Click Control Panel
     2. Click Add Printer
     3. Right Click Printer
     4. Click Sharing

     5. Click "Share this Printer"
     6. Click Apply
     7. Click OK

CONNECTING PRINTER ON A NETWORK (CLIENT)

     1. Click Run
     2. Then type \\[IP address of Server]
     3. Double click Printers and Faxes

     4. Right click Printer
     5. Click Connect

Unit 3 : Network Addresses

NETWORK ADDRESSES

More commonly known as IP Address. It is any logical or physical address that uniquely distinguishes a network node or device over a computer or telecommunications network. It is also the numeric address of a computer connected to the network. 

192.168.1.1 is an example of a Network Address

In addition to that, it is a set of numbers called as "octets" or "dotted decimal" notation, that identifies any network device. 

Note : "octets" comprise of 8 digit number

IP VERSIONS

1. IPV4 

- stands for IP version 4 or The Standard Version. IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dotted-decimal notation, which consist of four decimal notations, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots. Each part represents a group of 8 bits (octets) of the address.

ex. 

172.16.254.1

2. IPV6

- stands for IP version 6 or The Advanced Version. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long and is arranged in eight groups, each of which is 16 bits. Each group is expressed as four hexadecimal digits and the groups are separated by colons.

ex. 

FE80:CD00:0000:0CDE:1257:0000:211E:729C

BINARY DIGITS

- A binary digit, or bit, is the smallest unit of information in a computer. It is used for storing information and has a value. An individual bit has a value of either 0 or 1, which is generally used to store data and implement instructions in groups of bytes. A computer is often classified by the number of bits it can process at one time or by the number of bits in a memory address. Many systems use four eight-bit bytes to form a 32-bit word.

CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS

1. Class A

- Class A IP address is an IP address in which the first bit of the octet is set to zero, which provides values from 1 to 126. It is also known as the largest IP Address.

ex. 1.37.255.255 

2. Class B

- Class B IP address is an IP address which provides values from 128 to 191. 

ex. 152.32.64.0

3. Class C

- Class C IP address is an IP address which provides values from 192 to 223. 

ex. 198.32.172.89 

4. Class D

- Class D IP address is an IP address which provides values from 224 to 239. It is also used for multi-casting.

5. Class E

- Class E IP address is an IP address which provides values from 240 to 255. Class E is reserved for experimental purposes or for future purposes. 

Note : 127 - Loop Back Function of a network.

Note : Typical home network uses IP Address that starts with 192.168. IP Address such as....192.168.1.1. or 192.168.2.1.

CREATING IP ADDRESS

1. Right click, "My Network Places"
2. Click, "Properties"
3. Right click, "Local Area Connections"
4. Click, "Properties"
5. Click, "TCP/IP"
6. Click, "Properties"

• Obtain an IP Address automatically
• Use the following IP Address : 

            

7. Click, "Ok"

IP CONFIGURATIONS

1. Click, "Start Button"
2. Click, "Run"
3. Type cmd
4. Type ipconfig
5. Type ping [IP address]








https://www.techopedia.com/definition/20969/network-address
https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/IPv6-address 
techopedia.com/definition/2678/binary-digit-bit
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/17067/class-a-ip-address

What are the Types of Cable?

What is a Cable?

            - It is a medium that connects computer in a network. Alternatively referred to as a cord, connector or plug, a cable is one or more wires covered in a plastic covering that allows for the transmission of power or data between devices. Cable is called a rollover because the pins on one end are all reversed on the other end as though one end of the cable was rotated or rolled over

Types of Cables :

1. Twisted-Pair Cable

           - It is the most common type of cable. It has 8 individual copper wires bundled together and covered with an insulting material. A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. Most networks contain some twisted-pair cabling at some point along the network. A Twisted-Pair Cable has two types : 

      a. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

                 - Often used in "noisy" environments where a shield of metallic foil is wrapped around each of the wire pairs, with an additional overall shielding to protect against excessive electromagnetic interference.

      b. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

                 - Is the most common form of twisted pair wiring. It is less expensive and easier to work with than STP. Due to its low cost, UTP cabling is used extensively for local-area networks (LANs) and telephone connections. UTP cabling does not offer as high bandwidth or as good protection from interference as coaxial or fiber optic cables, but it is less expensive and easier to work with.

The copper wire is always color-coded with an insulations and they are twisted in pairs for a total of four pairs. 

2. Coaxial Cable 

           - The standard media used by Cable TV Operators. It consist of a plastic insulator that separates the solid copper inner conductor and the woven, copper braid outer conductor. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented by English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented the design in 1880. Coaxial cable differs from other shielded cables because the dimensions of the cable are controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to function efficiently as a transmission line.

  

3. Fiber-optic Cable

           - has a reflective coating that allows light beans to travel without outer interference. It  is a high-speed data transmission medium. Because it transmit data via light waves, they can transfer information at the speed of light. Not surprisingly, fiber optic cables provide the fastest data transfer rates of any data transmission medium. They are also less susceptible to noise and interference compared to copper wires or telephone lines. However, fiber optic cables are more fragile than their metallic counterparts and therefore require more protective shielding.

Sources : 

https://techterms.com/definition/fiber_optic_cable

http://networking.layer-x.com/p070300-1.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable

https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/UTP.html

https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/twisted_pair_cable.html